Centennial Exhibition Plans and Drawings Collection
Scope and Contents Note
This collection primarily consists of maps, plans, and drawings of Centennial grounds and Centennial buildings. The collection is especially strong in items relating to the Art Gallery (Memorial Hall), Horticultural Hall, the Main Exhibition Building, and Machinery Hall. There are a very limited number of related correspondences and advertisements housed within this collection, as well as plans of machinery to be used in buildings during the Centennial Exhibition (such as air conditioning and heating systems). The vast majority of items were created between 1874 and 1877; however a very limited number of later restoration plans of buildings are included. Medium and material vary widely throughout the collection, and include paper, linen, blueprints, bluelines, and lithographs. There are a number of original documents created and/or approved by major Centennial architects H.J. Schwarzmann, Henry Pettit, Joseph M. Wilson, and Alex B. Bary. Only items which were definitely linked to these architects were tagged as such.
Dates
- circa 1876
Conditions Governing Use note
This collection is open for research, however researchers should be aware that certain items contain the presence of mold. Please carefully check the folder or system to see if the materials being used are affected. For fragile materials, researchers will need to be assisted by the staff. All decisions will be made at the discretion of the staff archivist.
Extent
1000.0 Linear feet
Language of Materials
English
Abstract
The Centennial Exhibition, officially designated the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, marked the first World’s Fair to be held in the United States. While it was an international event, the theme of the fair was clearly American as the impetus to hold the event was the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the achievement of American independence. Operating from May 10th to November 10th, 1876, the fair hosted over ten million visitors- or roughly 1/5 of the population of the United States at the time. Thirty seven international countries participated in the event, along with 26 states. The Exhibition promoted international commerce, and was a place where one could view a large number of diverse products in one location. Visitors could easily walk from an exhibit on Japanese art, to one of products produced by West Virginians. It was an excellent opportunity for all, particularly Americans removed the European continent, to showcase their innovations and products to new markets. Over 30,000 businesses exhibited their practical and luxury wares, which was the largest consumer exhibition to date. President Ulysses S. Grant and Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II attended the opening day ceremonies, and turned on the Corliss Steam Engine which was designed to power most of the machines during the Exhibition. Notable inventions which were debuted at the Exhibition include the penny farthing bicycle, Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone, the Remington Typewriter, and Heinz Ketchup. The Centennial Exhibition took place on over 285 acres in West Fairmount Park, and saw the erection of a number of temporary and permanent buildings for the display of art, agriculture, and machinery. In addition to the many smaller building, five major buildings were erected - Memorial Hall (Art Gallery), Horticultural Hall, the Main Exhibition Building, Machinery Hall, and Agricultural Hall. Henry Pettit, architect, and Joseph Wilson, engineer, designed and constructed the Main Exhibition Building and Machinery Hall, two of the largest buildings in the world at the time, while James Windram designed Agricultural Hall, built to resemble an amalgamation of barn structures. Fairmount Park engineer Hermann J. Schwarzmann, who had never previously planned a building, designed both Horticultural Hall and Memorial Hall. Both were intended to be permanent structures, however a hurricane in the 1950s caused severe damage to Horticultural Hall which led to its demolition. Today, Memorial Hall is one of the few buildings still standing from the Exhibition (in addition to the Ohio House and a pair of ticket booths) and is home the Please Touch Museum for Children.
Arrangement Note
At an unknown point in the past roughly 600 drawings were separated from the entire Basement Recovery Collection. About 2/3 of these drawings were numbered sequentially and titled in black ink based on three series. Series A contains items relating to the Art Gallery, series B contains topographic plans, and series C covers Other Buildings (later renamed Architectural Plans). This original order has been adhered to in arrangement. In 1989, these files were transferred into ten flat file drawers. Any additional items not described in the original entry were separated into the three series and given numbers based on the original sequential order. Roughly 40 items from series C were cleaned. See green binder.
In 1997, there was an “inventory continuation” in which more Centennial drawings were discovered from within the larger Basement Recovery Collection. New items were partially catalogued in the green binder, but most items were not. Each item was given a “temporary number” based on the larger Basement Recovery Collection, but not based on the original 3 series sequential order. Items were inventoried in the red binder and were not arranged numerically. Most items were not placed in the flat files, and were left randomly distributed among the rolled files. In 2010, items from the basement recovery collection which were not previously processed were arranged and described utilizing an independent system. This continued the larger temporary numbering system mentioned previously, and gave each new item another unique identifier. Items which were arranged separately here are directly related to many items in the Centennial Exhibition Collection.
In 2012, materials from the flat file were described, cleaned and were individually input into nearly optimum- level records for each individual item into Archivists Toolkit. In an attempt to gain intellectual control over related items, this project expanded to include all additional records noted in the red inventory binder from 1997 which included a large number of rolled and shelved items. Since a large amount of “A” and “C” series items were given temporary numbers, and to maintain their relation to the larger Basement Recovery Collection, these numbers were kept and noted with a “T” in the component unique identifier (ex. T-251) and integrated sequentially into the finding aid. A limited number of items overlapped with the original 1989 system; however the T designation served to appropriately distinguish them. Additionally, items were integrated from the Basement Recovery Collection which should have been initially placed in this collection. These items have retained the Basement Recovery numbering system, and have been given a "B" designation.
What exists now is essentially an integration of 4 systems- the original “inked” numbers, the 1989 series separation and numbering, the 1997 temporary number system, and the 2010 Basement Recovery system. For the first time all of the records are intellectually in one place.
Multiple items were discovered which did not seem to be included in the inventory. They were given sequential numbers based on the 1989 series.
Integrated records from the shelved series were divided into “folder” denominations, as well, for the sake of expedited searching and uniformity if not in actual physical form. Rolled items were arranged into numerical groups close numbers, such as 250-300. Within these grouped sets are all items designated with the numbers in this sequence, which greatly varies. For example, grouping 250-300 contains two unique items. Grouping numbers and sizes are arbitrary.
Description Note
Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) and Describing Archival Content (DACS) for Graphic Materials
Preference has been given to titling each entry with the original plan or drawing title, if available, as opposed to later inked titles.
Processing Note
Items 107-178 received comprehensive surface cleaning, with subsequent items receiving lighter touch up treatments. The primary tools for cleaning were vulcanized sponges, brushes, and snake weights, with the main objective being to remove areas of heavy dirt and/or mold.
A large number of items contain mold and water damage, particularly in the “B” series. When compared with photographs taken in 1996, the areas of mold appeared to be roughly the same size and form. Likely, this mold is inactive. All files and items which were suspected to have active or inactive mold were labeled accordingly, both on the physical file and in the electronic system. Individual items from the “A” series which were found to contain mold were separated into an “A Series Conservation File”. Generally, items in the “B” series contain comparably less evidential value than the other two series. Series “C” conservation should be prioritized when funding becomes available, as it contains a diverse number of highly informative and interesting items.
Conditions assessments were not made for rolled items. All information included in the records for these items are taken from the previous 1997 inventory or from information obtained in the Basement Recovery Collection. Sample checks were conducted to ensure they were still available in proper location, however these were not comprehensive.
- Title
- Centennial Exhibition Plans and Drawings Collection
- Author
- Finding aid prepared by Caity Tingo
- Date
- 8/1/2012
- Description rules
- Describing Archives: A Content Standard
- Language of description
- Undetermined
- Script of description
- Code for undetermined script
- Language of description note
- English
Repository Details
Part of the Fairmount Park Historic Resources Archive Repository
1515 Arch Street, 10th Floor
Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19102 United States
215-683-0211
theresa.stuhlman@phila.gov